The American Government is Retracting its Social Contract...

Alexis de Tocqueville, a well- known critic of democratic participation in government institutions, stated in his book, Democracy in America, that volunteerism â€Å"prompts [Americans] to assist one another and inclines them willingly to sacrifice a portion of their time and property to the welfare of the state† (Tocqueville 507). Although many members of American society still subscribe to the idea that sacrificing a part of their lives ameliorates â€Å"the welfare of the state,† many critics of volunteerism insist that the responsibility of â€Å"the welfare of the state† lies within the United States government, and not individual members of American society. Critics of volunteerism insist that the federal and state taxes that they pay†¦show more content†¦I argue this not only to call attention to the government’s deterioration of funding for social welfare programs, but also to bring attention to the need for direct relationships between th e United States government and non-profit organizations in order to resuscitate the nation’s less fortunate from denial of government assistance. I prove this argument by addressing Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal Policy because that was when social welfare programs became necessary for basic human survival. I then use John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address to note when volunteerism historically gained popularity. In addition, I analyze the Peace Corps, a federally-sponsored program that Kennedy created, by proving that presidents use volunteering as ulterior motives to gain political clout. Next, I show how Ronald Reagan transferred social welfare responsibility from federally-sponsored programs to non-profit organizations, and describe how that transfer created a distance in the relationship between the government and its citizens. Then, I connect how direct relationships between 2 By Americans, I am referring to all people living within the United States, not just citizens. 3 governments and non-profit organizations relate to the concept of volunteerism by using George W. Bush’s continued attempt to solicit freeShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform

Abortions Tug of War Essay - 1496 Words

In the last couple of decades, people have been constantly arguing if abortion is right or wrong. Whether a woman has the right to end her pregnancy or not has been debated a great deal lately. But what about men in this situation should they also have the same right to end a pregnancy or does that right belong to women. The woman is the one who carries the baby and has to struggle through the pregnancy. On the other hand, the man will have to sacrifice heaps in order to raise the child as much as the woman will. In the short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway this debate is shown first hand. The American feels trapped, he knows it’s the woman’s decision and tries to desperately talk her into an abortion. A majority of†¦show more content†¦Religiously, culturally, and ethically most people have always been against abortions, but they still happen and most of the time the woman has the right to choose over the men. Women have alwa ys had the decision when it comes to getting an abortion. They are persuaded and intimated by various people, but are ultimately the ones who decide if they want to abort their child or not. Men on the other hand, are left out even though an abortion can affect them as much as it does to women. In this deadlock, most would agree the woman should decide on an abortion and not the men. The physical, emotional, and financial struggle women go through during a pregnancy is said to be unequal. As Erika Bachiochi (writer of How Abortion Hurts Women: The Hard Proof.) states, â€Å"Women who have had abortions suffer an increased risk of anxiety, depression, and suicide.† This shows that even after having an abortion woman can have long lasting complications. Bachiochi explains to us how women who go through pregnancies and abortions are more likely to succumb to anxiety and depression. She also states that â€Å"It is now common medical knowledge that a full-term pregnancy, especially before the age of 32, acts as a protective mechanism against breast cancer.† Further enforcing why women should choose if they want an abortion or not. An abundant women and men haveShow MoreRelatedEvaluate Essay on Abortion1497 Words   |  6 PagesWhether you are pro-life or pro-choi ce it is your responsibility as a person in a society and as a human to listen to the other’s opinion and respect that person regardless of your outlook on abortion. Today we see far too much fighting and waging war on our own people because of this â€Å"issue†, while we are fighting across seas why don’t we at least hear both sides of the story and maybe just maybe we can see through each other’s eyes for once. You never know, the one person you look up to more than

Marketing Strategy Development

Question: What is the Market Issues in Strategy Development ? Answer : Introduction There is almost double digit growth wearable tracking device market; it is expected to grow further. Among all devices, wrist wear accounts for more than 70 percent of products. This is a marketing strategy development paper, prepared on Fitbit. Reason behind selecting this company is uniqueness of product, increasing popularity and ability to change healthcare and fitness environment positively. This paper discuss four major issues, first is 5 c of market, market research procedure of the company; based on market analysis segmentation and positioning strategy is given and marketing plan is presented. Fitbit has revolutionize the wearable technology industry and made its unique brand image. Company overview Fitbit is an American company that manufactures health tracking products. It was founded by Eric and James in the year 2007 (fitbit.com, 2015). It is a globally operating company that provides technology enhanced products to optimize health and fitness experience. Its mission is to empower and inspire to live a healthier and active life. Products Fitbit deals in wide range of health and fitness products such as activity trackers, wireless enabled technology that helps in measuring steps walked, heart rate, steps climbed etc. Various brands launched by the Fitbit include Zip, One, Flex 2, Alta, Charge 2, Blaze and Surge. It has divided its product range into everyday fitness that include four products, which are trackers; second is active fitness that include Fitbit charge2 and blaze; third is performance fitness that include Fitbit surge and finally the Wi-Fi weighing scale. Its products helps in calculating GPS tracking facility that help in understanding distance, speed, time, pulse rate, sleep, total day activities such as total steps taken, distance, calorie burned, activity minutes, hourly activity. Fitbit has a strong brand image in the market, it is a successful product in UK and USA, expanding its market reaches in Asia and other markets (www.fitbit.com, 2016). Fitbit is also making shift from fitness to fashion also. However, there is low brand awareness regarding such fitness products in many markets, enhancing the same which increase new scope for market development. Company Though Fitbit products are highly technological but there ease of use helps in making them user friendly. This was the first organization that launched such tracking device with strong health focus; it achieved first mover advantage that helped in high sales and revenues. However, problem with products of this brand include premium pricing strategy. Different market researches shows issues regarding plain and simple designing of Fitbit products, they are not stylish and fashion statements. Business growth rate for Fitbit is high, immense opportunity lies in various developing market where product is still at introductory stage; rising concern towards health issues and healthy living in market is also giving new opportunities for product development. It has 85 percent of share of tracking devices(McNew, 2015). Company try to offer broad range of products at various price levels to cater demand of various customer groups. However, tracking device business industry and economic conditio n has strong correlation, spending on such devices are seen in developed nation with high disposable income. Customers If persona of a Fitbit customer is to be analysed, it include a person who is doing a desk job, earning 100k+more annually; who is a the savvy person, uses smartphone, willing to purchase a product that receive positive feedback on social media on helping improving healthy living and habits, one who is willing and aim to work out regularly, lives in USA and of mid age. Therefore, it include target segment 25 + of age, is comfortable with technology, frequently uses social media, has an expendable income. Fitbit has built a very niche market to cater and try to serve best to its target segment. It target both male and female population with 25 and above age. However, it gives more stress on female segments, especially moms (Dumoriter, 2016). It operates in different markets such as USA, Dublin, Japan, India, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. On behaviour basis, its customers look for continuous motivation and support for workouts, it tries to give that technological support and sharing through data tracking, sharing etc. (Holm, 2006). Collaborators There is group of suppliers in china and Singapore who are responsible for manufacturing hardware for the company; however company keeps the name remain undisclosed. However, it did mention that Flextronics is its primary contract manufacturer of majority of devices. There is marketing, technology, innovation teams responsible for successful operations. Fitbit is encountering market problem in meeting total market demand, failing to meet demand impact business negatively (Marshall, 2016). Competitors Fitbit is encountering intense market competition from big market players such as Nike, Apple, and Microsoft and Pebble technology. Direct competitors include Nike Fuel band, 24 hour bodybugg, Jawbone UP2. Further, products from Fitbit are not water resistance, whereas Pebble corp. products are more stylish and provide water protection. There is intense indirect competition from substitutes like non-clinical weight loss programs(Stables, 2015). Apart from this category wise competition is from free health care items, low priced products, personal management etc. Market analysis shows rising trend in fitness wearable devices. According to Statista.com, in year 2018 the figure is expected to be worth $12,642m, total number of units expected to be shipped are 224 million. It is expected that almost 40 percent of customer will be from US market (statista.com, 2016). With increasing demand, tech giants such as Apple, Google are also launching such wearable gadgets. Further, there is also high market threat from new products and market entrants as still this industry lifecycle is at introductory stage. Context This section will present various other external factors impacting business of Fitbit. Political scenario has strong influence on business growth and advancement. Fitbit is a US based company, being a leading economy USA offer business opportunities, liberty. It has strong economic scenario, with GDP is over $16.760 trillion(tradingeconomics.com, 2015). However, there is reduction in corporate profits by 1.2 percent. Social environment of US shows total population of 321,418,820. There is concern towards ageing population, poor health and obesity in the economic; the nutrition curve is also downward sloping showing rising concern towards health issues. However, this shows favourable market opportunities for Fitbit as it can act as tool to overcome this problem. Market offers high technological opportunities for business; almost 85 percent of US population is tech friendly, providing scope for such products. There is large growing community of Fitbit users, which shows positive market trend for wearable tracking devices(McNew, 2015). There is presence of high tech companies such as Apple, Google, and Microsoft in the market. There is rising concern towards climatic changes, global warming issues; company need to make strong strategies in regards to waste management, Carbon emission to ensure low pollution(Silbert, 2015). Market research impacts the way data is collected and presented by organization, it influences the authenticity and reliability of presented information. Market research is conducted by organization to understand customer needs and demands; it is also conducted to evaluate competitors position to analyse potential market threat; it aims to evaluate changing environmental condition and prospective influence on company strategic growth. Market research is the key information collection strategy that impact overall strategic process. Customer data is collected through Fitbit app; whenever a customer activates a Fitbit device they download their software and install information regarding them. This information is used by the company to evaluate personalized fitness stats for customers; it also uses their activities track record to measure their development (fitbit.com, 2016). It also collects information regarding all visitors who visit its websites. Other ways of collecting data include contest, giveaways, community, social media, and participation in surveys. Internal market research is being conducted to evaluate market environment trends, competitors position and strategies. Tools such as project planning, troubleshooting are implemented to evaluate market trends. Market segmentation Fitbit does not go for mass marketing, rather it focuses on small group of customer, fulfil their needs better than anyone else in the market. Niche segmentation of Fitbit is based on demographics, geographic regions and behavioural patterns. According to demographic parameters, it aims to cater both male and female customers above 25 years of age, preferably working professionals from middle and upper income group. Geographically, it is present in six markets USA, Dublin, Japan, India, Hong Kong, and Shanghai; Asia is being projected as prospective market with huge market development scope(Stevenson, 2016). On behavioural grounds, Fitbit prefer to target customers who are tech savvy, well educated, involved in social networking, health conscious, seek for continuous motivation for health development. It aims to target different customer groups such as major market segment include athletes, individuals, hospitals and clinics, corporations, people who want to reduce weight (Dibi Simk in, 1996). Target market On the basis of segmentation, Fitbit tries to target customer group between 30 to 40 years of age, who is trying to reduce weight, suffering from health issues, looking for healthy options, motivation to achieve their health goals. It target customer group who have money but no time to give. It also target technology users who seek for tools that provide them quick and easy monitoring on their health without much effort. Fitbit provide an effortless experience to its users. Its direct target groups include office Oliver, person with heavy headed hobby, mothers, and health conscious personality. Value proposition Fitbit is helping those customers who are looking for a way to improve their activity level without a big commitment; it has successfully managed to implement short term attainable goals through its products and its technology. Fitbit differentiate its offering on the basis of product features and accurate technology. It has been able to redefine health to make measurable development towards detecting illness and make progress towards healthy life(McNew, 2015). Positioning statement Fit bit has positioned itself as a tool that help in living a healthy life, balanced by tracking all day activities, exercise, sleep and weight. It positions itself as digital healthcare company that is integration between social networking and hardware to achieve desired goals (Stevenson, 2016). It has made its distinctive market position on the basis of product quality and accuracy of measurement. It is easy to use, have more features than other brands. Recommendations On the basis of above analysis, Fitbit is performing well in its niche market segment; it has well defined its target and what it plans to offer them. Further, it is advised that due to increasing obesity in the market, Fitbit can also target teenagers and youth from 15to 25 years of age. It is also advised to add new design as Fitbit products are not fashionable; it can add new option of personalization of design. On the basis of analysis presented in issue one, two and three; it is clear that Fitbit aims to maintain its position of market leader; it aims to implement product and market development strategies as it will help in launching new product and enter new markets; finally it also aims to increase market awareness regarding tracking devices in developing markets. Product Presently company is offering almost nine different types of products in three key categories on the basis of fitness needs. Fitbit products have large number of features, ease of connectivity, robust packing with several motivational quotes above them to inspire the user. Further to achieve set objectives, it is recommended that Fitbit can opt for strategic partnership with insurance companies, healthcare organizations, fitness centres. This service will help Fitbit users to sign with their partnering insurer, fitness centre; it will help in sharing of data on large platform regarding each member. However, data sharing will be with due consent and voluntary basis only. It will help Fitbit in attracting new members, ability to sell products at different places, fitness clubs etc. Price Analysis shows that Fitbit products are priced premium, it might because low sales in certain market as purchase of healthcare products are strongly dependent on economic conditions. Above product will help in providing discount by Fitbit users; it will help in increasing sales and brand loyalty. Fitbit can also offer discounting cards for their partnering clubs; it will help in motivating customers to purchasing tracking bands. Skimming price causes low sales, in order to expand its market reach, Fitbit needs to provide different types of lucrative offers to attract and retain customers. Place Fitbit can sell its products globally through website and ecommerce. It sells through its own website in US market; it has also tied up with various e-commerce sites catering different local markets. Above stated product recommendation will enhance product reach of Fitbit, it can be sold at different fitness centre, through health insurance companies, and there will be more intermediaries and ease of customer reach. It will also facilitate in enhancing product awareness in the market. Promotion Promotional goals of Fitbit are to increase its market reach, product reach, create awareness. Its media objective is to make such advertisements that will help in making people realize that its easy to remain fit. Social media is being strongly used promotional tool for the company, Facebook activity is the most widely used tool that include various interactive sessions, workout reports, information sharing. Facebook can be used to interact with customers, inform them about various offers(Chaffey, 2008). There is need to create advertisements that create an emotional bond between customers and the product; it aims to make them aware regarding uniqueness of its possession and usage. Sales promotion tools will also help in tying up with various health care organizations, fitness centres and health insurers. With business development, Fitbit can also launch its offers through print media, magazines on health, fitness and healthy living(Czinkota Kotabe, 2001). Conclusion Fitbit is a successful name in wrist-bands to clip-type devices for health tracking but there is much scope left to be tapped. Market scenario shows positive trend of growth and future prospects for this business. Though there is intense market competition but innovation and quality customer service helped Fitbit to remain at the top. Fitbit is presently targeting a small customer segment but it can plan for further expansion to reach a larger group and market. It is advised that Fitbit can enhance its market reach by partnering with healthcare service providers, fitness centres and health insurers. References Entire News Link. (2016, March 1). Fitbit Blaze is a whole workout in a wearable. Retrieved September 16, 2016, from www.entirenewslink.com: https://www.entirenewslink.com/fitbit-blaze-is-a-whole-workout-in-a-wearable/ Chaffey. (2008). Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation And Practice, 3/E. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Czinkota, M. R., Kotabe, M. (2001). Marketing management. Boston: South-Western College Pub. Dibi, S., Simkin, L. (1996). The Market Segmentation Workbook: Target Marketing for Marketing Managers. London: Cengage Learning EMEA, . Dumoriter, A. (2016, January 8). The Market Misunderstands Fitbit -- Here's Why. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from www.fool.com: https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2016/01/08/the-market-misunderstands-fitbit-heres-why.aspx fitbit.com. (2015). Who We Are. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from /www.fitbit.com: https://www.fitbit.com/in/about fitbit.com. (2016). Fitbit Privacy Pledge. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from fitbit.com: https://www.fitbit.com/en-ca/legal/previous-privacy-policy Holm, O. (2006). Integrated marketing communication: from tactics to strategy. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 26-32. Hooley, G., Piercy, N., Nicoulaud, B. (2012). Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning. London: FT Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. (2012). Kotler On Marketing. New York: Simon and Schuster. Marshall, G. (2016, September 9). The story of Fitbit: How a wooden box became a $4 billion company. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from www.wareable.com: https://www.wareable.com/fitbit/youre-fitbit-and-you-know-it-how-a-wooden-box-became-a-dollar-4-billion-company McNew, S. (2015, September 15). FitBit's 7 Competitive Advantages Over Other Brands. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from /www.fool.com: https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/09/05/7-competitive-advantages-fitbit-says-it-has-over-o.aspx Rainmaker, D. (2015, January 20). Fitbit Surge In-Depth Review. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from www.dcrainmaker.com: https://www.dcrainmaker.com/2015/01/fitbit-surge-depth-review.html Silbert, S. (2015, December 10). Why Fitbit Is Still Winning Wearables. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from fortune.com: https://fortune.com/2015/12/10/why-fitbit-winning/ Stables, J. (2015, February 23). Basis Peak v Fitbit Surge: Battle of the super trackers. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from /www.wareable.com: https://www.wareable.com/fitness-trackers/basis-peak-vs-fitbit-surge-861 statista.com. (2016). Facts and statistics on Fitbit. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from statista.com/: https://www.statista.com/topics/2595/fitbit/ Stevenson, A. (2016, october 16). Fitbit CEO reveals hes transforming the mission and purpose of the company. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from cnbc.com: https://www.cnbc.com/2016/10/06/fitbit-ceo-reveals-hes-transforming-the-mission-and-purpose-of-the-company.html tradingeconomics.com. (2015). USA GDP. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from tradingeconomics.com: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/USA/gdp www.fitbit.com. (2016, September). Product. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from www.fitbit.com/: https://www.fitbit.com/in/surge?utm_source=Googleutm_medium=Search_utm_campaign=IN-Model-Surge-Exact#features

Hand Hygiene and Patient Safety

Question: Discuss about the Hand Hygiene and Patient Safety. Answer: Introduction Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) have been defined as those infections that either the patient or hospital staff acquire within the care setting (for example, from same day surgery, hemodialysis unit, or inpatient admission at the hospital among others) with evidence lacking that the person had the infection present or the infection was in the incubation stage when the person entered the hospital setting (Horan, Andrus Dudreck, 2008). The increasing HAI rates along with evidence that suggests that infection control and active surveillance can help in the prevention of HAIs has resulted in the development of hospital infection and epidemiology programs. The role that these programs has continued to evolve even as HAIs and microbial resistance leads to increasing risks to patients and escalating costs of healthcare. The IOM has defined patient safety as protection of patients against any harm. More emphasis is placed on the care delivery system that enables prevention of errors, learns from any occurrence of errors; and is based on a safety culture that includes patients, organizations, and healthcare professionals. The AHRQ Patient Safety Network Web glossary expounds on what prevention of patients from any harm encompasses and defines it as freedom from preventable or accidental injuries that are as a result of medical care (AHRQ, 2007). The patient defining attributes include medical errors prevention and adverse events that are avoidable, protecting of patients from any injury or harm, and well integrated strong healthcare system and individual healthcare service providers collaborative effort (Kim, Lyder, Mc Neese et al., 2015). According to the RNs standards off practice (6.1 and 6.6), the nurse is tasked with providing quality, comprehensive, safe care to achieve expected outcomes and goals that are in response to the needs of patients. The nurse should utilize the processes that are most appropriate in identifying and reporting actual and potential risks as well as below par practice with regard to standards is identified. The most significant role when it comes to patient safety within any healthcare setting, is the ability to integrate and coordinate the multiple quality aspects within the care that the nurse provides directly, and across the delivery of care given by others within the same setting. This function of integration is a component of proper staffing (where the percentage of RNs is greater than that of other nursing staff) and is linked to lower mortality and fewer complications. In addition, when the significance of communication is put into consideration, or lapses in communication that result in error commission, the role that nurses play as links to communication within a healthcare facility, becomes obvious. The PSNet clearly defines the error chain where indications are given on the part played by communication and leadership in the event series that leads to patient harm. The errors' Root-cause analyses provides linked causes' categories and these include non-adherence to standard p rocedures of operations; poor leadership; teamwork or communication breakdown; ignoring or overlooking fallibility in individuals; and losing focus on objectives (AHRQ, 2007) Why Hand Hygiene improves patient safety Increasing attention to Healthcare Acquired Infections has been an issue among patients, regulatory bodies, governments, and insurers. This is not confined to the problem's magnitude with regard to mortality, morbidity, and treatment cost, but also because of the increasing awareness that majority of HAIs are preventable (Sharma Ahmed, 2010). The healthcare industry is observing in tandem, the unprecedented progress in pathophysiology of infectious diseases' understanding and the worldwide spread of infections that are multi-drug resistant within healthcare facilities. These factors, along with the paucity of new antimicrobials availability, have called for a re-focusing of the role played by basic prevention of infection techniques in today's healthcare facilities. Among the most critical activities of infection control, hand hygiene is regarded as a critical element (Lin, Tien, Sun, et al., 2010; Trick, Vernon, Welbel, et al., 2007). The increasing burden that is associated with Hospital Acquired Infections, the increasing illnesses severity, treatment complexity, which are compounded by multi-drug resistant (MDR) superimposed pathogen infections, staff in healthcare facilities are now reverting to infection prevention basics through simple measures such as hand hygiene (Saint, Howell, Krein, 2010). This approach is based on the evidence that supports hand hygiene where if implemented properly, can reduce infection cross transmission risk within healthcare facilities Grayson, Russo, Cruickshank et al., 2011). Evidence from a number of studies have shown that hand washing eradicates methicillin resistantS. aureus(MRSA) that may be present in an individual's hands and often occurs in most staffs providing care in ICUs( Miyachi, Furuya Umezawa et al., 2007; Grayson, Jarvie, Martin et al., 2008). Increasing compliance in hand washing has been shown to result in decreased rates of MRSA (Marimuthu, Pittet,, Harbarth, 2014). In addition infections from Klebsiellasp. have been shown to decline with increased compliance to hand hygiene (Sydnor, Perl, 2011). Further, studies have also shown that hand hygiene practice adherence minimizes the acquisition of disease carrying pathogens that may be present on the hands and which ultimately minimizes the Healthcare Acquired Infections rates (Magiorakos, Leens , Drouvot, et al.,2015; Kirkland, Homa, Lasky et al., 2012). The SAVE LIVES: Clean Your Hands WHO program puts more emphasis on the My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene as a patient protection approach that is key within healthcare facilities, against spreading of pathogens and in reduction of Hospital Acquired Infections. This approach emphasizes and encourages healthcare workers to adopt a habit of cleaning their hands often: prior to touching a patient; prior to aseptic/cleaning procedures; after physical hand contact with a patient; after exposure or risk of exposure to body fluid; and after hand contact with patients' surroundings (Sax, Allegranzi, Uckay et al., 2007). Ways of maintaining hand hygiene Soap and water is used in hand washing when: hands are visibly dirty or have been in contact with blood, proteinaceous material, or any body fluids and when one suspects or can prove to have come into contact with Bacillus anthracis(the physical washing and rinsing of one's hands in cases of B.anthracis contamination is recommended as antiseptic agents such as iodophors, chlorhexidine, and alcohols do not act effectively against spores); after visiting a bathroom, hands need to be washed with water and an antimicrobial soap; prior to and after having a meal (Dettenkofer, Conrad, 2010). Alcohol based hand rubs are most effective in routine decontamination of hands when there is no visible dirt or contamination (Gould, Moralejo, Drey et al., 2010). The alcohol based hand rubs should be used prior to any direct contact that a healthcare worker will have with a patient; prior to putting on sterile gloves before insertion of a central intravascular catheter; prior to insertion of any peripheral vascular or indwelling urinary catheters, or other non-surgical invasive devices; after physical hand contact with a patient's skin for example when lifting a patient, after taking a patient's blood pressure or after checking the patient's pulse; after coming into contact with mucous membrane, body excretions or fluids, wound dressings, noon-intact skin, if hands are not soiled in a visible way; after coming into contact with objects that are within that patient's surroundings though inanimate such as medical equipment; when moving to a clean site form a contaminate site after c aring for a patient; and after removal latex gloves. When washing the hands, all jewelry needs to be removed prior to commencing and hands rinsed under warm running water. The soap should be lathered using friction with all fingers and hand surfaces covered adequately. The faucet should be turned off by using the elbow or wrist. The hands should be dried using a single use towel or hot air hand drying machine. The skin should be patted and not rubbed so as to prevent any cracking. If one uses disposable towels, they should be discarded immediately after use. Excoriation on the skin may result in colonization of bacteria and increased possibility of blood borne viruses and other microorganisms' infection spread. Compliance to hand washing may decrease when hands are sore, in such instances, an adequate amount of antiseptic rub should be dubbed on all surfaces and the antiseptic allowed to dry on its own (WHO, 2009). Conclusion The increasing HAI rates along with evidence that suggests that infection control and active surveillance can help in the prevention of HAIs has resulted in the development of hospital infection and epidemiology programs. Hospital Acquired infections are preventable and with adherence to hand washing protocols, the occurrence of HAIs can be reduced significantly. Nurses and other healthcare workers need to be compelled to follow strict hand washing guidelines as by doing so; the costs of patient care can be reduced. In addition, hand washing should be practiced regularly for the individual protection of the nurses and care staff from cross contamination resulting from contact with patients or the patients' surrounding environments. References AHRQ PSNet Patient Safety Network(2007).Error chain.[Accessed April 26, 2017]. https://psnet.ahrq.gov/glossary#E Dettenkofer, M., Conrad, A. (2010). Hand Hygiene for the Prevention of Nosocomial Infections. deutsches arzteblatt international, 107(8), 139-139. Gould DJ, Moralejo D, Drey N, Chudleigh JH (2010) Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 9. Art. No.: CD005186. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005186.pub3. Grayson ML, Jarvie LJ, Martin R, Johnson PD, Jodoin ME, McMullan C, Gregory RH, Bellis K, Cunnington K, Wilson FL, Quin D, Kelly AM, Kelly AM, Hand Hygiene Study Group and Hand Hygiene Statewide Roll-out Group, Victorian Quality Council(2008). Significant reductions in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and clinical isolates associated with a multisite, hand hygiene culture-change program and subsequent successful statewide roll-out.Med J Aust.2008;188(11):633640. Grayson ML, Russo PL, Cruickshank M, Bear JL, Gee CA, Hughes CF, Johnson PD, McCann R, McMillan AJ, Mitchell BG, Selvey CE, Smith RE, Wilkinson I. (2011).Outcomes from the first 2 years of the Australian National Hand Hygiene Initiative.Med J Aust.95(10):615619. doi: 10.5694/mja11.10747 Horan, T. C., M. Andrus, and M. A. Dudeck.(2008). CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting.Am. J. Infect. Control36:309-332 Kim, L., Lyder, C. H., McNeese?Smith, D., Leach, L. S., Needleman, J. (2015). Defining attributes of patient safety through a concept analysis.Journal of advanced nursing,71(11), 2490-2503. Kirkland KB, Homa KA, Lasky RA, Ptak JA, Taylor EA, Splaine ME. (2012). Impact of a hospital-wide hand hygiene initiative on healthcare-associated infections: results of an interrupted time series.BMJ Qual Saf.21(12):10191026. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2012-000800 Landers, T., Abusalem, S., Coty, M.B., Bingham, J. (2012). Patient-centered hand hygiene: the next step in infection prevention. American Journal of Infection Control, 40(4), S11-S17. Lin HC, Tien KL, Sun CC, Wang SH, Chen YC, et al. (2010) Promotion and achievement of a hospital-wide hand hygiene program implemented during 20042007 at a teaching hospital in Taiwan. J Infect Control 20: 146162 Magiorakos AP, Leens E, Drouvot V, et al. (2015) Pathways to clean hands: highlights of successful hand hygiene implementation strategies in Europe. (accessed on 26 April, 2017);Euro Surveill.201015:ii19560.Available from:https://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19560. Marimuthu, K., Pittet, D., Harbarth, S. (2014). The effect of improved hand hygiene on nosocomial MRSA control.Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control,3, 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2994-3-34 Mitchell PH.(2008).Defining Patient Safety and Quality Care. In: Hughes RG, editor. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); Apr. Chapter 1.Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2681/ Miyachi H, Furuya H, Umezawa K, Itoh Y, Ohshima T, et al. (2007) Controlling methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusby stepwise implementation of preventive strategies in a university hospital: impact of a link-nurse system on the basis of multidisciplinary approaches. Am J Infect Control 35: 115121 Saint S, Howell JD, Krein SL (2010) Implementation Science: How to Jump-Start Infection Prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31: S14S17. Sax H, Allegranzi B, Ukay I, Larson E, Boyce J, et al. (2007) My five moments for hand hygiene: a user-centred design approach to understand, train, monitor and report hand hygiene. J Hosp Infect 67: 921. Sharma JB, Ahmed GU (2010). Infection control with limited resources: why and how to make it possible.Indian J Med Microbiol.2010;28:116. Sharma JB, Ahmed GU. Infection control with limited resources: why and how to make it possible.Indian J Med Microbiol.2010;28:116 Sydnor, E. R. M., Perl, T. M. (2011). Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control in Acute-Care Settings.Clinical Microbiology Reviews,24(1), 141173. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00027-10 Trick WE, Vernon MO, Welbel SF, Demarais P, Hayden MK, et al. (2007) Chicago Antimicrobial Resistance Project. Multicenter intervention program to increase adherence to hand hygiene recommendations and glove use and to reduce the incidence of antimicrobial resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 28: 4249

Infosys Ltd Essay Example

Infosys Ltd Essay Infosys Limited (NYSE: INFY) was started in 1981 by  seven people with US$ 250. Today, we are a global leader in consulting, technology and outsourcing with revenues of US$ 7. 231 billion (LTM Q3 FY13). Many of the world’s most successful organizations rely on Infosys to deliver measurable business value. Infosys provides business consulting, technology, engineering and outsourcing services to help clients in over 30 countries build tomorrow’s enterprise. Our award-winning Infosys Labs and its breakthrough intellectual property can be leveraged as a co-creation engine to accelerate innovation across the enterprise.Infosys pioneered the  Global Delivery Model  (GDM), based on the principle of taking work to the location where the best talent is available, where it makes the best economic sense, with the least amount of acceptable risk. Continued leadership around GDM enables Infosys to drive extraordinary efficiencies and free up clients’ resources for strat egic transformation or innovation initiatives. Infosys has a  global footprint  with 67 offices and 69 development centers in US, India, China, Australia, Japan, Middle East, UK, Germany, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, Poland, Canada and many other countries.Infosys and its subsidiaries have 155,629 employees as on Dec 31, 2012. Infosys takes pride in building strategic long-term client relationships. 97. 5% of our revenues come from existing customers (Q3 FY 13). Infosys gives back to the community through the Infosys Foundation that funds learning and education. Infosys helps companies derive the measurable business value that they have always been looking for from business and IT investments. Infosys deliver measurable business value in 3 ways: TransformThey can transform the fundamental shape of your business PL. Regardless of which team you engage with, we have a best-practice process for delivering value. We call it IMPACT – to ensure a clear line of sight from p rocess change to bottom-line impact, ensuring that you receive the business value you were promised. Optimize Beyond transformation and innovation, it boils down to execution delivering on time, on budget and on value. We can optimize your core operations to drive best-in-class efficiency and help fund the transformation and innovation. InnovateThey can inject a level of product and service innovation into your business to create new revenue opportunities through collaboration and co-creation. We keep abreast of the latest technology and how it applies to your business issues. What you get from us is best-of-breed solutions. The foundation of our innovation capability is our core lab network – Infosys Labs – and the new thinking that our team of over 600 researchers brings to the table. Vision We will be a globally respected corporation. Mission Strategic Partnerships for Building Tomorrow’s Enterprise. ValuesWe believe that the softest pillow is a clear cons cience. The values that drive us underscore our commitment. Client Value:  To surpass client expectations consistently Leadership by Example:  To set standards in our business and transactions and be an exemplar for the industry and ourselves Integrity and Transparency:  To be ethical, sincere and open in all our transactions Fairness:  To be objective and transaction-oriented, and thereby earn trust and respect Excellence:  To strive relentlessly, constantly improve ourselves, our teams, our services and products to become the best pic] BUSINESS EXCELLENCE Business Excellence, as described by the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM), refers to;†Outstanding practices in managing the organization and achieving results, all based on a set of eight fundamental concepts†, these being, â€Å"results orientation; customer focus; leadership and constancy of purpose; management by processes and facts; people development and involvement; continuous learnin g, innovation and improvement; partnership development; and public responsibility†. This definition serves as a typical example of those put forward today.In general, business excellence models have been developed by national bodies as a basis for award programmes. For most of these bodies, the awards themselves are secondary in importance to the wide-spread take up of the concepts of business excellence, which ultimately lead to improved national economic performance. By far the majority of organizations that use these models do so for self-assessment, by which they can identify improvement opportunities, areas of strength, and use the model as a framework for future organizational development.Users of the EFQM Excellence Model, for instance, do so for the following purposes: [pic] When used as a basis for an organization’s improvement culture, the business excellence ‘criteria’ within the models broadly channel and encourage the use of  best practices  into areas where their effect will be most beneficial to performance. When used simply for self-assessment the criteria can clearly identify strong and weak areas of management practice so that tools such as  benchmarking  can be used to identify  best-practice to enable the gaps to be closed.These critical links between business excellence models, best practice, and benchmarking are fundamental to the success of the models as tools of continuous improvement. The most popular and influential model in the western world is the one launched by the US government called the Malcolm Baldrige Award Model (also commonly known as the Baldrige model, the Baldrige criteria, or The Criteria for Performance Excellence). More than 60 national and state/regional awards base their frameworks upon the Baldrige criteria. New Business Excellence (NBX) for Property Casualty (P C) Commercial Lines Improving the effectiveness and efficiency of underwriting and related business processes is crit ical to profitable growth. Infosys New Business Excellence (NBX) solution for P ; C enables commercial lines carriers to revamp new business processes and leverage technology. NBX helps carriers improve their operational efficiency and makes underwriting more effective by making it data driven, thus creating a robust platform for sustained rofitable growth. Legacy IT systems and traditional manual paper-intensive workflow prevent efficient integration of information across the enterprise for many commercial lines carriers. As a result, they have to spend time and money on underwriting even routine flow type risks. Our NBX solution is an integrated framework which transforms the whole new business submission process for commercial lines carriers. It is based on four core concepts, which allow integration of new business applications and enable: Capturing and converting content to electronic form †¢ Use of rules engines for analysis and predictive modeling †¢ Integrated work flow management †¢ Integrated data exchange with common user interface NBX enables: †¢ Complete automation of the underwriting process of flow business, e. g. commoditized products like Business Owners Package †¢ Systematic processing of some of the transaction business e. g. complex risks like commercial liability by simulating underwriter decisions through rules engines.It means only the highly complicated risk selection scenarios are routed as exceptions for manual underwriting. [pic] The impact of each activity in the underwriting value-chain: [pic] |Infosys bags CII-Exim Bank Award for Business Excellence  news | | |[pic] | Infosys Technologies has been declared the winner of the CII-Exim Bank Award for Business Excellence 2002, becoming the first software services company to win this prestigious honour.The award acknowledges Infosys excellence in Total Quality Management in the following areas: leadership, policy and strategy; people, customer-driven processes , partnerships, corporate citizenship and performance in creating value for all its stakeholders (customers, shareholders, employees, partners and the society at large). The Confederation of Indian Industry and the Export Import Bank of India jointly instituted the CII-EXIM Bank Award for Business Excellence in 1994. It is today recognized as one of the most prestigious awards in India for business excellence.The rigorous process of assessment, lasting six months, follows the Business Excellence Model based on the European model for Total Quality Management, a global benchmark. Announcing the award during the 10th Quality Summit, CII deputy director general N Srinivasan said: The members of the jury are very pleased to award this trophy to a company that has become a role model for its value-based leadership, exemplary corporate governance, best-in-class processes, caring and development of people, commendable wealth creation, and delivery of world-class products and services. Ackn owledging the award, Infosys Technologies chairman and chief mentor N R Narayana Murthy said: The 13,000-strong family of Info scions and the Infosys Foundation are very honored to have been conferred this award. I am very thankful to CII and the Exim Bank for having partnered with us in our journey to excellence. This award is a great honor for Infosys and recognizes our passion for excellence. At Infosys, it is our mission to continuously strive to set higher standards.The CII assessment takes a holistic view of excellence, fosters integration and promotes a uniform understanding of improvement strategies and opportunities. The review and feedback process has been a great learning experience and we look forward to sharing our journey with other corporations, says K Dinesh, member of the board and director (quality, HR and IS) Infosys Technologies, while presenting the Infosys journey at the Quality Summit. Leading the software services industry, Infosys is placed with previous em inent winners from the manufacturing sector in India such as Hewlett Packard, Maruti Udyog and Tata Steel.Reputed global corporations in Europe who have received awards based on this model include Rank Xerox, Ericsson, IBM, Texas Instruments, British Telecom and TNT. New business process is a key Infosys’ view is that new business processing is most significant time and cost area for carriers. From this application emerges a solution concept that is based on four core principles that tightly that integrates a carrier’s new business applications and enable straight through processing with minimum manual operations and hand offs.Infosys’s integrated approach to underwriting address various shortcomings of current state 1. Capturing and converting content to electronic form 2. Integrated workflow management 3. Integrated data exchange with common user interface 4. Business rules engines and analytics for better risk profiling BENEFITS OF THE NEW APPROACH 1. Profita ble growth 2. Operational efficiency 3. Underwriting effectiveness 4. Employee and channel productivity

The Samurai, the Mandarin and the Barbarian essays

The Samurai, the Mandarin and the Barbarian essays China and Japan have both been the objects for comparison throughout the years perhaps due to their similarities of culture and sovereignty as Asian nations which were never colonised. They were however put under the same pressures as other colonised Southeast Asian states and were diversely affected by the West. It is not accurate to claim that China did the right thing by preserving more culture in the statement, whereas Japan was wrong in adopting Westernisation earlier whilst losing much of her cultural heritage in the process. This essay aims to analyse the benefits and ill-effects brought by Westernisation as a whole, in relation to a wider range of issues including politics, military and economy while focusing on the central theme of culture and whether the maintenance of culture proved beneficial. The attitudes towards Westernisation of both countries would also be compared in relation to their various reactions. Japan, like Chinas relations with the West began with minor trading. It reacted strongly towards the West only when missionaries started propagating Catholicism. Retaliation came by the execution of missionaries, local converts and the total expulsion of Westerners when Japan adopted a closed door policy similar to China. Like China, Japan was proud and conservative but in contrast, possessed a more willing and rational attitude to learn from other countries, even foreign. Japanese ports were opened to trade after intimidation by American naval power under Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853. Although Japan had wanted to repel the Americans, she decided against it, as had earlier witnessed the superiority of Western military power when the mighty Chinese fleet was humiliated in battle during the Opium War of 1840. The Japanese thus swallowed their pride with compliance to Western demands while attempting to strengthen themselves alongside the West. China on the other hand greatly opposed Westernizatio...

Introduction to 'Rent-seeking behavior Assignment

Introduction to 'Rent-seeking behavior - Assignment Example The elderly, for instance, look for higher social security payments. Unluckily, where rights over property are weakened as well as where someone’s ownership of goods or wealth becomes debatable, other individuals could acquire more through attempts to appropriate such wealth than through manufacturing themselves. Such behavior is known as rent seeking (Forbes, 2013). There is no good reason as to why economists use this term â€Å"rent†. It means payments to a production factor in excess of the amount needed to keep the factor within its current use. The word is used to illustrate government lobbying by individuals in order to achieve special privileges. It can be called privilege seeking (Dutton, 2014). Other examples of rent seeking include: the limitation of access to profitable occupations as in modern certifications as well as licensures. Taxi licensing happens to be referenced as a rent seeking instance. Licenses issuing limits the overall tax services supply (instead of making sure of equality or competence) threatening rivalry in livery vehicles, illegal taxes or unregulated taxes causes the taxi service transactions a compulsory transfer of a fraction of the payment from consumers to operators of taxi business. The rent seeking concept may as well apply to bureaucrats’ corruption in their splitting as well as extracting rent/bribe for their application of legal, however, optional for awarding the illegitimate or legitimate benefits to their clients. Tax officials may happen to receive bribes for having reduced tax payers’ tax burden for instance (Dutton, 2014). It has been well known that individuals lobby the government for some privileges. The insight of Tullock was that privilege lobbying expenditures are high and they dissipate gains to the recipients and lead to inefficiency. For instance, a firm that deals with steel

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

American History - Essay Example Fernlund states that one of the conditions for becoming a world power was to have a large, standing army (161). The expansion and might of the United States’ sea power was exemplified in 1899, when the U.S was able to conquer the Spanish in the Philippines. The war with Spain was orchestrated by the fact that Spain was drawing closer to the United States frontier at California. The United States was, thus forced to fight off the Spaniards and in the process ended up acquiring the Philippines. The assertion of U.S rule on the Filipino led to American imperialism, a factor that further established the position of the U.S as a growing world power. The U.S became openly involved in world affairs. The most significant of this and which probably led to the United States becoming a world power was World War 1. Fernlund states that as a matter of foreign policy, the U.S had opted to remain neutral in the war (178). Nonetheless, when the Germans started a submarine warfare, sinking enemy and neutral vessels, the U.S joined the war on the Allied side. The victory of the Allies over the central powers and the role played by the U.S cemented the position of the latter as a world power. 1. 21-2. In his work, Mahan’s was concerned over the lack of sea power by the United States to defend herself in case of danger. Fernlund states that Mahan argued that incase of danger, the U.S could be forced to establish a blockade on her extensive sea-coast, a deed which needs a standing naval army (162). More sea power would, thus ensure that the United States stayed clear of harm’s way and that trade and commerce would not be affected by an external war. The work of Mahan led to increased military buildup in the U.S by the close of the century that saw the U.S defeat Spain in the Philippine war. It is the same sea power that enabled the U.S to participate in the First World War. 2. 21-4. Twain was a critic of the American annexation of the Philippines and his article led to the

Immune System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Immune System - Essay Example For instance, a problem in the spleen may lead to the destruction of white blood cells and platelets within a human body beyond the required level, thereby causing weakness and leading towards a weak immune system. The proper functioning of an immune system is highly critical to other systems found within a human body, such as the immune system, nervous system, and circulatory system. To explain things more clearly, let’s take the example of the circulatory system. The function of a circulatory system is to enable proper blood flow within the human body and its interaction with the immune system enables the transference of white blood cells along the circulatory system. If the immune system fails to function properly, by, for instance, producing less or more blood cells than may be required, then its circulation along the blood vessels can be very dangerous for a healthy human body (Parham, 2005). There are many instances when things can go wrong with an immune system and caus e it to work improperly. We all know of allergies. What most of us don’t know is allergies develop as a result of our immune system’s incapability to the handling of alien substances such as pollen grains, dust, or even pet hair for that matter which a human body may come across. These problems definitely interfere with human lives as, for instance when people are allergic, they often can’t concentrate or do their work properly as they are often found sneezing, vomiting, having red eyes, itchy palms etc.

E Coli On Bathroom Surfaces

E Coli On Bathroom Surfaces In this experiment, we aimed to test the common statement that Pine- O- Cleen kills 99.9 of E.Coli on bathroom surfaces .To test this myth we used sterile swabs, sterile physiological saline sterile pipettes. Tile was used to represent bathroom surface and E .coli culture to represent unclean or contaminated surface. E coli culture was spread on the tile with sterile glass spreader evenly and then Pine-O-Cleen was sprayed on it. Therefore in this experiment, the independent variable is the length of time E coli was on the surface of the tile used and the dependent variable is the number of E coli forming units (cfu) or the Percentage of E.coli cells remaining on the Nutrient Agar Plate and Malt extract plate after being cleaned using Pine-O-Clean and controlled variables were length of time E.coli was left on tile, type of bacteria onto the tiles (E.coli), the surface area that bacterial growth is tested on number of bacteria initially present on tiles By using sterile pipettes, sterile glass spreader and using a known concentration of e .coli culture (1 ml) and pine- o-cleen (1 ml) on both of the tiles used, other variables were controlled such as incubation temperature incubation time. Null Hypothesis: There is no difference in number of E. coli cells surviving on bathroom surfaces with or without treated with Pine -O-Cleen. The effect of pine o clean in removal of bacteria from a contaminated surface was tested in weeks 12 and 13. Basically we tested the effect of Pine-O-Cleen on E. coli cells on bathroom surfaces. The results of the experiment in week 12 identified that the number of cfu on each plate were too low to be accurate and dilutions did not had decreasing number of colonies and some plates had 0 colonies and even control had colonies in it , so calculations were not done that week. Results in week 13 we obtained approximated cfu were transferred from the bathroom tiles and after it was treated with pine -o- cleen. This was determined by counting cfu on pour plates of the undiluted solution from week 13. Table 1: Pour plate counts of serial dilutions and total number of colony forming units (cfu) transferred from the bathroom tile contaminated with E.coli culture to a swab and the ones treated with pine -o -cleen. * The values were accurate for wk 13 since they were in the range of 25-250 cfu/plate for 10-4, 10-5 dilutions and plates were having decreasing number of colonies as dilution factor was increasing. Interpretation and conclusion: As mentioned above, total number of bacteria transferred from the tile with E.coli which was contaminated and after it was treated with Pine Oà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Cleen. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the pine O cleen has some effect on number of bacteria on the tile. Plates had decreasing number of colonies as dilution factor increased. There was roughly a 10 fold difference between successive dilutions. Although some bacteria survived the cleaning process, pine o cleen still kills germs on bathroom surfaces. Pine -O -Cleen possess antimicrobial substances and that surface bacteria die within minutes but it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t kill 99.9 of E .coli cells. In agreement with our results, previous studies have shown very little amount of pine o cleen is needed to kill a particular species of bacteria (Fidalgo, 2002). Other variables to consider is that length of time E.coli was left on tile, type of bacteria onto the tiles (E.coli), the surface area that bacterial growth is tested on number of bacteria initially present on tiles. Decontamination reagents used for flucloxacillin wipe sampling and degradation/stability tests included: isopropanol 50 and 70, ethanol 60 and 100, benzalkonium chloride 0.1 (Pine O Cleen), sodium hypochlorite 0.5 (Chloroclens), sodium hydroxide 0.03M and distilled water Previous studies have shown that Pine O cleen is very effective against bacteria and only 0.001 of bacteria was left behind after using Pine-O- Cleen . ( Fidalgo,2002). Based on our preliminary results, together with the results reported on other recent studies, which all suggest that pine -O-Cleen is effective against bacteria, we reject Null hypothesis since pine- o -cleen does have an effect on number of E.coli cells since in treatment we got 0 colonies. Critical evaluation of experimental design In week 12, we set out to evaluate the number of E. coli cells transferred from the surface of the bathroom tile with E .coli culture to a moistened swab. A dilution series was set up and spread plates of each dilution were performed. Unfortunately the number of CFU was too low to be accurate. Therefore the experimental design was modified in the second experiment in wk 13 to compensate for this problem. Due to limitation of the number of plates and bottles, the experiment was designed such that test in wk 12 were duplicated. We used 10-4, 10-5, 10-6 instead of 10-5, 10-6, 10-7.This introduced the possibility of variables due to potential differences in techniques and in concentration of E coli culture use. Therefore, the experiment could be improved by performing the duplicates at the same time, choosing treatments that altered the minimum of confounding variables, incorporating as many effective controls as possible, keeping number of replicates as high as feasible, Since total number of replicates available for the experiment were limited by resources, compromised between number of treatment and number of replicates per treatment, accounting for the time taken to apply treatments and then recording results, ensuring same number of replicates is present in each treatment, finding out the limitation on resources. If more materials were ordered like more bottles, tiles, NA plates it would have been ideal to increase the number of replicates for each test in order to make the results more statistically relevant. A recent study has demonstrated that the transfer of bacteria to food increased when cells were applied to the surface n the presence of growth media compared with dilution buffer (Moore et al, 2007). This additional variable could also be tested in future studies.

The Church of England :: essays research papers

The Church of England, a Protestant Episcopal church which is the official established church of great Britain, is a branch off Catholicism without allegiance to the pope. The Expectations of a member of the clergy within this church are a set of both written and unwritten laws. Protestant ministers, where they are allowed to marry and have children, do in a basic respect follow the same moral and ethical obligations as a catholic priest. They are to live their lives for the love of God, and Christ. However in the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austin there is a fellow, whom is a minister in the church of England. Yet does not display even the basics of the moral and ethical code followed by the members of the clergy. He is in fact a pompous, self-ritchious, overly social hierarchy conscious man, who makes it a hobby of sucking up to money. This fellow, who goes by the name of Mr. Collins, is portrayed, understandably as a very objectionable individual. I believe that Jane Austin made a purpose of making every behavior and line of dialogue given by him into a reason for us to like him less and less. He starts out as a simple minded man who just happens to be a braggart. However, as the novel goes on his personality becomes more and more objectionable, and when he throws in such statements as "your sister would have rather died than disgrace her family" (in speaking of Lydia's elopement) we begin to down right detest him. The manner in which he approaches people gives us a very good idea of the type of character that Jane Austin is trying to portray. Take his proposal to Lizzy as an example. His uncouth approach to the whole matter gave us the most insight as anything had previously. He went about it in an almost condescending manner, not taking her interests to heart, and not bothering to think such menial things as love. He proposed as one might make a business proposition, giving all the financial benefits of the arrangement. When she rejected hi m, he at first showed his stupidity by not believing her rejection. Then showed his lack of tact by taking on a child like "well do you think you could do any better" attitude. In his dealings with Mrs. Debourgh, he was incredibly subservient and excessively apologetic, because of her rank in society.

United States V. Dentsply International, Inc

Name: Lei Chen Course : ACCT 362W Prof: Kenneth Ryesky Esq. Date: 11/4/2010 Case Caption: United States v. Dentsply International, Inc. , Court: United States of Appeals, Third Circuit. Date: Argued September 21, 2004. February 24, 2005 Citation: 399 F. 3d 181 Facts: This is an antitrust case that the defendant- Dentsply international, Inc. , is one of a dozen manufactures of artificial teeth for dentures and other restorative device. Dentsply dominates the industry, his market share is greater than 75 percent and is about fifteen times larger than that of its next-closest competitor.The defendant use sells his teeth to dealers of dental products; then the dealers supply the teeth to dental laboratories, which fabricate dentures for sale to dentists. As the hundreds of dealer who compete with each other on the basis of price and service; some other manufactures sell their teeth directly to the laboratories basis of on the price and service; Dentsply prohibits its dealers from marketi ng competitor’s teeth unless they were selling the teeth before 1993. The plaintiff- the federal government files a suit in a federal district court against Dentsply, alleging, a violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act.Issue: Was the defendant’s preventing its dealer from selling competitors’ products restraint of trade and harm the market? Was the defendant’s act violating of section 2 of the Sherman Act? Decision: Yes, the district court’s judgment was reversed and the case was remanded with directions to grant the government’s request for injunctive relief. Reason: The Section 2 of the Sherman Act – the relevant market in this case was the total sales of artificial teeth to laboratories and dealers combined.The defendant’s act preventing its dealer from selling other competitors’ product was designed to block competitive distribution points, and to prevent giving the customer a choice. It was a plan to maintain mono polistic power, which it is restraints on trade, harm the market. Opinion I agree with the court decision because Dentsply’s act was not allowing dealers to handle competitors’ teeth, and then there will be few choices in the market giving the customer to choice. Dentsply’s monopolistic power could set the teeth price what their want, which the harm the economy and the whole market.

Effects of Music Essays

Effects of Music Essays Effects of Music Essay Effects of Music Essay Chris Buchwald English 201 Article Summary The Benefits of Music Education to Children By Edward Droscher This article was written about the profound effects of music on our society, the extraordinary effects of music education in the development of the brain, and why music should be a part of every childâ„ ¢s education. Droscher tells us that while music can create deep emotions, it has also been shown to improve the functions and development of the brain. The study of music can improve skills like creative thinking, problem solving, team work, processing language, reasoning skills, and discipline. By requiring students to perform many constant simultaneous activities, music helps develop the brain to function both mentally and physically. We believe the skills the arts teach -creative thinking, problem-solving, risk-taking, teamwork and communications are precisely the tools the workforce of tomorrow will need. If we dont encourage students to master these skills through quality arts instruction today, how can we ever expect them to succeed in their highly competitive business careers tomorrow -Richard Gurin, Chief Executive Officer, Binney and Smith, maker of Crayola crayons Students that have been put through music education have shown notably higher S.A.T. scores than those without it. Students have also shown to be more disciplined, both mentally and physically, and more creative. Students in music programs have also been proven to develop better reasoning and problem solving skills, and even better social skills. Droscher s article is trying to enlighten us all as to the nearly endless amount of reasons that education in the Arts in general, and to encourage all students to be put into areas of art, particularly music, to help prepare them for a brighter future.

Example Sentences of the Verb Become in English

Example Sentences of the Verb Become in English This page provides example sentences of the verb become in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form become / Past Simple became / Past Participle become / Gerund becoming Present Simple He often becomes sad when he watches a film. Present Simple Passive None Present Continuous I am becoming used to living in Canada. Present Continuous Passive None Present Perfect He has become a new person since he left her. Present Perfect Passive None Present Perfect Continuous They have been becoming more and more anxious these past few days. Past Simple Alice became angry when she heard the news. Past Simple Passive None Past Continuous He was becoming used to his new life when he had to move again. Past Continuous Passive None Past Perfect Jack had become familiar with the account before the manager arrived. Past Perfect Passive None Past Perfect Continuous She had been becoming more and more anxious before he finally said yes. Future (will) We will become friends. Im sure! Future (will) Passive None Future (going to) He is going to become director soon. Future (going to) Passive None Future Continuous My aunt will be becoming used to the sun this time next week. Future Perfect It will have become perfectly normal by the end of next week. Future Possibility She might become angry will you tell her. Real Conditional If he becomes director, I will become vice-president. Unreal Conditional If she became ill, she would visit a doctor. Past Unreal Conditional If she had become the boss, I would have left the company. Present Modal You should become the next leader. Past Modal They might have become rich! Quiz: Conjugate With Become Use the verb to become to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. He often _____ sad when he watches a film.He _____ a new person since he left her.She _____ more and more anxious before he finally said yes.He _____ director soon.He _____ used to his new life when he had to move again.I ______ used to living in Canada.They _____ more and more anxious these past few days.Jack _____ familiar with the account before the manager arrived.It _____ perfectly normal by the end of next week.If he _____ director, I will become vice-president. Quiz Answers becomeshas becomehad been becomingis going to becomewas becomingam becominghave been becominghad becomewill have becomebecomes

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Humanities - Essay Example The sculpture of Augustus of Prima Porta by an anonymous artist, Michelangelo’s David, Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, the Madonna with Her Child from the Byzantine Empire, Holbein‘s Portrait of Henry VII, and Raphael’s Portrait of Castiglione are works that project a serious expression. The common expression in the faces of the models suggests the sombreness of life of the subject and common expression predominant in the earlier times. The sculpture of Augustus Caesar of Prima Porta, which is presently located in Braccio Nuovo in the Vatican Museum, is a 2.04-meter statue made of pure marble. It was found in 1863 at the place of Augustus’s wife, Villa of Livia, who stayed in Porta, Rome after the death of her husband. The artist is unknown, but speculators claim that it must be Greek. Augustus Caesar is akin to Julius Caesar, and was one of those who avenged the death of the other. Dressed in Roman military clothing, the sculpture reflects the role of Augustus as the first Roman emperor. Raising his arm, as if gesturing instructions to his troops, the sculpture emphasizes the role he played. The facial expression is not totally sombre, but the absence of smile on his face still reflects the serious personality. Fig. 1. Statue of Augustus Caesar located in Braccio Nuovo in Rome. ... Rushmore, hence confirming that the serious look that the sculptor made in Augustus may have been due to the position of the subject in society. In other words, leaders such as Augustus can be expected to have a serious look in visual arts. Nevertheless, comparison with other sculptures of great leaders will further help shed light on the issue. Michelangelo’s sculpture of David also bears the same serious look. This 5.17 meter masterpiece made of marble was created between 1501 and 1504. The sculpture features the biblical hero, David, standing in nudity. Originally, the work was positioned in Palazzo della Signoria in Florence, Italy. The head of David is tilted to the side, with the eyes gazing towards Rome from its original position. Later, it was transferred to its present location in the Gallery of the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence. The original was replaced by a replica in its original location. The sculpture is said to symbolize the liberty of  Florentine Repub lic to ward off threats from the neighboring states (Seymour 3). Fig. 2. The statue of David by Michelangelo located in the Gallery of the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence, Italy. The serious look in David’s eyes reflects the seriousness of the artist and possibly, the people at the start of the 16th century. Deep in thought, the subject shows a stern expression with a curious look casted towards the left. This facial gesture implies curiosity and search for meaning, which were predominant during the Renaissance time. Today, replicas of David can be found in different places including New York and Pennsylvania. Sandro Boticelli’s Birth of Venus is another work of art that presents a serious look in the face of the subject. This tempera on canvass of 1486

Journal 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Journal 4 - Essay Example I think the images behind the man represent the many paths people today choose in order to be in one religion or state. The man painted in the middle of these paths is representing all the races in the world and possibly religions. Rivera’s work of art seemed to be representing the cultural wars that exist today. In the early 100’s Rivera was at the time an icon for transactions of cultures between the people in Central and North America. This painting was one of his controversial arts which he intended to be an eye opener for Americans; to be culturally diverse and accept the different aspects and opinions which existed in the world (Neimark 6). His painting incorporates lively and contrasting colors and his concern for texture seem overwhelming. His style of painting can best be termed as New Realism since it is far from representing the academic world and naturalism in the old world (Neimark 68). The man who is at the centre of this painting is Lenin who was the founder of Soviet Union; he is symbolically clasping the hands of future allies; a worker, a black American and a white Russian

Mid Term - American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mid Term - American History - Essay Example Discovery of gold in California and Nevada drew thousands of miners to join the Gold Rush and the mining equipment was moved from one location to the other. It was one of the greatest adventures in human history that contributed to the development of California. The Gold Rush largely improved America in terms of trade, shipping and communications such as railroad lines built to the Pacific Coast ( Lewis, 2010). Additionally, the event changed the culture of America particularly the faster settling of the west that sealed the doom of the Indians west of the Mississippi. The diversity of young intelligent men from around the world brought in different ways of gold mining. I chose the 1849 Gold Rush because of its association with the development of both California and America. The Gold Rush has brought in new ideas and cultural change that has greatly influenced America. Having toured California and the gold mining site, I felt that 1849 Gold Rush was alive and worth talking about. Com promise of 1850 The compromise included a series of bills passed to address slavery issues where the slavery matters were to be decided by popular sovereignty in admitting the new states. Moreover, the bills prohibited slave trade in Columbia settled a Texas boundary dispute as well as establishing a strict fugitive slave trade. By 1950, many slavery disagreement issues tainted the relationship between the Northerners and the Southerners. There were tensions whether the newly acquired western land after the Mexican War would allow slavery. The Congress further passed Fugitive Slave Law that decreased the number of slaves escaping to the North annually but the North was unhappy with the law (Stegmaier, 2012). Compromise of 1850 was very significant in the American history since it contributed to the Civil War. The Southern and Northern politics were heightened during this place and the compromise seemed to undermine a divided nation on the slavery issue. Slavery was a serious issue i n America and addressing it was very sensitive in congress. The Compromise of 1850 showed how concerned some legislators were in addressing the plight of the slaves. It further showed how southerners strongly defended the issue of slavery. It attempted to settle the slavery question though it allowed the slaves to work for the South although it prohibited slave trade in Washington DC (Stegmaier, 2012). The Compromise of 1850 played a significant role in heightening the tension between the Southerners and the Northerners that finally contributed to the Civil War particularly the introduction of the Fugitive Slave Act. The north was not impressed and they had to stop the act and they felt that the slaves should be returned to their rightful owners who escaped from the Underground Railroad. The south wanted to have the slaves back but they had to prove that they were the rightful owners because lack of evidence would lead to freeing of the slaves. This agreement was either temporal bec ause the South later wanted to separate from the North. Crisis continued to pile due to the increased level of dissatisfaction that prompted anger that turned to rage and rage to violence. Southerners were always alert to protect their peculiar institutions even after the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) and the struggles that followed over the bleeding Kansas where the group began to shoot. However, Compromise of 1850

Doctor Patient Communication Essay Example for Free

Doctor Patient Communication Essay This is the adopted mode of communication with the patient aiming at firstly, getting enough history or information towards diagnosing the patient presenting complaint and equally ensuring that the patient’s right to privacy, good health, and permission as the need arises, is not compromised during the process. â€Å"When communication and rapport is poor, patients are at risk of distressed and doubt doctor’s competence† (Allen, 2000). Research reports that patients often wrongly base clinical skills on communication effectiveness. Patient with this bias mind eventually shows poor cooperation with treatments. This is more reason why it is an ethical issue. The present state of the patient’s psychological state is important. A depressed patient would prefer less talk than a patient who is worried to get fast cure and some times talk out of points if unguided by an experience doctor. Due to diverse understanding from multicultural views, it is necessary to understand the biological ethnicity of each patient through a ‘biodata’ aspect of the history. From the biodata, the religious denomination is noted. The occupation, family and social histories also reveal the mental state. Doctor’s adoption of line of thought would be of help. For example, a friendly way of approach gives the patients sense of worth and avoids any feelings of inferiority complex that may hinder patient’s opening up in detail. The doctor also needs not unnecessarily friendly, this could denote carefree attitude at times. 80% of the treatment receives is dependent of how elaborate is the history taken by the doctor. An understanding of introversion and extroversion communication type equally helps. It is necessary to carry the patient along, after the knowledge about the patient’s present state, preempt the patients’ worry and briefly explain why the next question is necessary.

Crisis on the Korean Peninsula :: North Korea Economy Economics Essays

Crisis on the Korean Peninsula North Korea has been the most publicized nation in the last ten years regarding nuclear proliferation. They are often debated in the highest political circles and are considered by many in the United States the US’s greatest threat. However, many politicians and critics are divided on how to deal with North Korea, and the nuclear threat it poses to the rest of the world. In my research I stumbled upon a fascinating book entitled Crisis on the Korean Peninsula that deals precisely with this issue. The book written by, opinion leaders and foreign policy scholars Michael O’Hanlon and Mike Mochizuki, introduces an ambitious strategy that attempts to answer the nuclear problems as well as the problems within the state itself. In the book their strategy is very clear cut and attacks three core issues where they see room for improvement. Foremost, they address the nuclear weapons issue that so clouds North Korea’s present and future global status as well as northe ast Asia’s security. Additionally they argue for the reduction of conventional military forces and reconstruction of the nation’s shattered economy. Lastly, they argue for calming security assurances to North Korea’s embattled leaders, who show signs they might welcome such pledges. The three core issues covered by Mochizuki and O’Hanlon will serve as the basis of my research but will be backed by other sources that talk about the same important issues from different view points allowing a wide ranging view point. Altogether in my research of North Korea I hope to learn from the ideas of O’Hanlon, Mochizuki and others sources and have the ability to expound on the ideas of these men and women with my own. In order to cover the three main points I divided O’Hanlon’s and Mochizuki’s book into three similar sections: 1. Current situation in North Korea and world regarding nuclear weapons, 2. Confrontation capabilities, and 3. Bargaining possibilities. These sections serve as a road map ultimately conveying both the situation of nuclear proliferation in North Korea in their strongest arguments to the reader. Furthermore, as the authors follow these guidelines so will I with my research of their information. I will include in these sections ideas from other papers and authors as well as a section in which I provide some of my own analysis.

Nature & Function of Academic English

There has been an ongoing discourse about different approaches that translates to the best way of teaching the English language and what appropriately constitute to the language itself. Genre knowledge has been the source of much discourse in the academe because of how it affects the disciplinary and professional cultures of teaching Academic English (Berkenkotter & Huckin 24).The academic discourse further covers the features of the language in terms of linguistic, grammatical and vocabulary features. The discussion of such features and how it is affected under the different approaches is evaluated to provide for the grounds for the approach that must be seriously considered in for the academe use. Research about written discourse and text that hold such a prominence in the academy are analyzed according to formal discourse genres, their characteristics as well as the common linguistic features it possess (Hinkel 2).Above the question of the importance of the genre approach, there i s also a question as to how explicit the teaching instruction must be. Contradicting sides would argue about the necessity of the teaching such approach (Freedman & Medway 193). Others would argue if it is even possible (Freedman & Medway 193). Others would wonder if it would benefit the students or would it prove to be more dangerous (Freedman & Medway 193). There is also a discourse about the right timing by which such an approach should and could be applied to a class depending upon the students’ age and capabilities in writing (Freedman & Medway 193).Genre & Academic Discourse  Literary genres were discussed as early as in Aristotle’s The Poetics and developed in the Rhetoric that shows how he defined genres as a simple way of classifying text types, this is what was generally accepted over time (Clarke 242). According to traditional views, genre was limited to being primarily literary, defined by textual regularities in terms of form and content, classified into simplified categories and subcategories (Clarke 242). Under this definition, genre was not seen as relevant in terms of the discussion of composition and pedagogy (Clarke 242).Most of the linguists advocate that there should be a concentration for mastery of the different genres in the English language and that the teachers should focus on giving specific instruction that teaches the characteristic of each genre (Mercer & Swann 222). The students need a model by which they could follow in keeping with a genre structure (Mercer & Swann 222). They see grammar to play an important role in the process of learning the genres because it enables the students to â€Å"manipulate the text† contradictory to the process approach that sees the trouble in explicit manner of teaching grammar due to its unnecessity and danger to the students’ learning (Mercer & Swann 222).The common misconception would refer to genre and text type to merely be the same aspect of a text but in realit y they actually differ in terms of texts with particular genres having different linguistic characteristics and other literary features (Johns 73). However, different genres can be similar linguistically. Genre can be described as text characterized by external criteria, for instance written or spoken text, different audience, different context or purpose (Johns 73-74). On the other hand, text types can be represented by rhetorical modes such as â€Å"exposition† or â€Å"argument† as different text types (Johns 74). They are seen to be similar in terms of internal discourse patterns despite having different genres (Johns 74). The two concepts then refer to complementary perspectives on texts however they still remain different (Johns 74).Teaching and Writing GenresIn a classroom environment, text types that are written and spoken are related to the different demands by which the school requires and depending upon the subject areas of focus. There are different writing tasks that involve genres that go way beyond the literary realm (Schleppegrell 77). Factual and analytical genres exist under the evolution of the academic English language. The usual technique would be for students to read massive amount of authentic texts to give awareness to the difference of the ranges of genres and determine the registers they encounter for their own chose subject matters (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer 303). Students are then made of aware of the differences between academic and non-academic genres. Through the process of being exposed to the different genres, the students are familiarized with the different lexical, grammatical and organizational features of the texts that exist that train them along the way (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer 303).Genre KnowledgeThe academic discourse on genre gives two perspectives in terms of structurational and sociocognitive that deals with the activity language undergoes from diverse fields like â€Å"sociolinguistics, cognitive ps ychology, educational anthropology and conversation analysis (Berkenkotter & Huckin 24).†Ã‚   This is the new concept that is emerging on top of the rich body of research regarding the genre’s structure from the structurational theory (Berkenkotter & Huckin 24). There is the constant need for the academe to monitor and recognize the changing pattern that language undergoes and thus the changes in the genres as well (Berkenkotter & Huckin 24).Full participation any general disciplinary and professional culture requires knowledge of the written genre and they are referred to as the â€Å"intellectual scaffolds on which community-based knowledge is constructed† thus placing a priority to monitor the pattern changes (Berkenkotter & Huckin 24). At the same time, they are worth examining because the genre of academic discourse also produce criteria like a â€Å"community’s norm, epistemology, ideology, and social ontology (Berkenkotter & Huckin 25)†Lingui stic Features of Academic DiscourseAccording to Martlew and Sorsby (1995) â€Å"Written language like spoken language achieves communicative ad conceptual goals by using a complex system of arbitrary symbols and conventional rules†¦ In literate societies, a developed writing system is pervasive in children’s environment and it is likely that each individual child constructs, or re-invents, their own approach to writing from whatever salient experience the environment offers which they can utilize at different levels of development (Mercer & Swann 287).†There are certain linguistic expectations from students who enter into an academic arena and such a language practice can be reflected in most social groups more than others (Schleppegrell 43). Some students can encounter difficulty because of a lack of familiarity to such linguistic standard as there are differences between the registers in an academic scenario and that of an informal interaction (Schleppegrell 43) . Despite the fact that the classrooms can provide for an avenue for the students to develop such a standard and be trained by spoken and written language activities, the teachers need to remember how the forms of language can take its place in the academic context (Schleppegrell 44).For example, academic texts are by nature â€Å"informationally dense and authoritatively presented (Schleppegrell 44).† In order to get the extract the position and information from certain texts, the teachers and students must be able to unpack the meaning and recognize the position and ideologies of the text (Schleppegrell 44). Linguistic choices and the awareness of it enable a wider participation in the contexts of learning (Schleppegrell 44).   Having a clear perspective of the grammatical features that are seen as tools in deciphering school texts then provides as the foundation for a more efficient research of language development in terms of functionality as well as learning new regist ers (Schleppegrell 44-45).Most research focus on grammatical and lexical features of the student’s language production that produces a language analysis from a systematic functional linguistics (Schleppegrell 45). Deviating from a structural approach to grammar, a functional approach do not just focus on their syntactic category (nouns, verbs, adjectives) or their elements in the sentence (subject, predicate), it focus on identifying the revealing the context of schooling in the language that are used in the text, focusing on the register as the so-called â€Å"manifestation of context (Schleppegrell 45).Studies show how different features are values when comparing writing in writing classes and writing in other academic courses (Hinkel 5). The important consideration if providing the students with linguistic and writing skills that would equip them to handle new information and expand their knowledge (Hinkel 5). Some practitioners say that exposure to a variety of reading a nd experience with writing does not constitute to having a heightened awareness in discourse, vocabulary, grammar and linguistic features of academic writing or having better writing skills (Hinkel 5). They defended explicit instruction in advanced academic writing and text is what can provide the utmost equipment (Hinkel 5).General Nature and Functions of Academic EnglishFurthermore, Martlew and Sorsby (1995) said, â€Å"Writing however is a visible language, graphic symbolic system whose roots we suggest lie in pictographic representation before links are established with spoken language. In this respect, development reflects evolution in that all writing systems which represent sounds of language evolved from pictorial representations rather than from spoken language.† Academic English offers such changing concepts (Hyland 2). The one who coined the definition for English used in academic purposes was Tim Johns (Hyland 2). It was during this time that English became an eco nomic imperative and it has been the leading language for disseminating academic knowledge (Hyland 2).Each discourse community has developed its own mode of discourse. This constitutes to the growth of Academic English. By nature it would expand and evolve to fit and address the different fields of study in need to communicate, basically that points to every discipline (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer). New objects, processes, relationships and others need new terms to be added in the lexicon. There is a need to reinterpret words that already exists to become other words that are defined by their specific fields, like a set is different in conversational English and Mathematical English (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer 285).New words are also created as part of an existing word stock, like clockwise or feedback (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer 285). There is also a need to borrow from another language. A term called â€Å"calquing† mean having to create new words to imitate a word that already exists from another language like omnipotens mean almighty in Latin (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer 286). There is also a need to invent totally new words like the time when the word â€Å"gas† was created to be party of the field of chemistry (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer 286).There is also creating â€Å"locutions† or sense of phrases and compound words as well as non-native word stocks (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer 286). The nature of English is known to be shaped by certain social and cultural functions under the language of academic communities of discourse (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer 290-291). The researchers suggest for having more than one valid and culturally based ideology regarding Academic English for it to be open to other cultures and factors (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer 291).ConclusionDue to culture, styles of writing differ but this does not make one inferior over the other (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer 290). Further research about Academic English should have a greate r level of sensitivity for other cultures or for cultural diversity (Hoadley-Maidment & Mercer 290).   It is also necessary to have a proper balance between over-prespecification of the curriculum and planning and the right amount in terms of explicit teaching of genre and other features according the students’ knowledge, abilities and background (Wiley & Hartung- Cole 205). The academe must not loose sight of social-cultural context of the relevance of Academic English in exchange for a more uniform approach or for the search for a common standard for academic discourse (Wiley & Hartung- Cole 205).Works CitedClark, Irene, et al. Concepts in Composition: Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003.Berkenkotter, Carol, and Thomas N. Huckin. Genre Knowledge in Disciplinary Communication: Cognition, Culture, Power. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995.Hinkel, Eli. Second Language Writers' Text: Linguistic and Rhetor ical Features. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.Hoadley-Maidment, E. and Mercer, N. English in the Academic World. Open University course U210 The English Language: Past, Present and Future, 1996.Hyland, Ken. English for Academic Purposes: An Advanced Resource Book. New York: Routledge.Johns, Ann M., ed. Genre in the Classroom: Multiple Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.Freedman, Aviva, and Peter Medway, eds. Genre and the New Rhetoric. London: Taylor & Francis, 1994.Mercer, N. and Swann, J. Learning English: Development and Diversity. Open University course U210 The English Language: Past, Present and Future, 1996.Schleppegrell, Mary J. The Language of Schooling: A Functional Linguistics Perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.Wiley, Terrence & Hartung- Cole, Elizabeth. â€Å"Model Standards for English Language Development: National Trends and a Local Response.† Education. 119. 2. (1998): Page Number: 205.

Ojt Report

History of PC Gilmore Fast-becoming one of today's leading computer distributors and systems integrators, PC Gilmore Computer Center, or PC Gilmore Corporation, boasts of the widest reliable brands of computer products and services of the highest quality at very low prices. In short, we are a virtual discount computer outlet store. Formed in 2001 under the original name West Avenue Computer Center, PC Gilmore started out as a computer-retailing business with a vision to deliver utmost customer satisfaction at competitive prices without compromising quality.As such, this immediately impacted on its clientele base and soon thereafter, the Company expanded operations by offering systems integration solutions and internet telephony as well. It eventually branched out to Metro Manila suburbs to meet its ever-rising customer demand. Despite the rapid pace in the information technology industry, PC Gilmore has managed to keep abreast of the competition. To date, the Company has five (5) sal es offices and service centers manned by dedicated and well-trained personnel to serve individuals, professionals, business offices, government entities, commercial establishments, schools and among others.These are located at: †¢PLATINUM †¢VMALL †¢CUBAO †¢WEST AVE †¢SM NORTH †¢CALOOCAN †¢HARRISON †¢MOA And because of the Company's â€Å"overachievement† since its formation only in 2001, PC Gilmore is very optimistic that it would soon be able to expand further its branch network operations within and outside Metro Manila and possibly in selected areas of Luzon. This is in line with our utmost commitment to reach out to our far-flung customers old and new.